Interventional Radiology

Nerve Blocks

Introduction

Ultimate IR Nerve Block & Neurolysis Reference

Purpose: This excel is a tool for individuals performing nerve blocks and neurolytic procedures. It standardizes clinical indications, anatomy and technique, CPT coding logic, coverage risk, and documentation language to support defensible decision-making, accurate billing, and consistent procedural notes in real-world IR practice.

Date Created: December 2025
Authors: Jackie Brenner, Dr. Jaclyn Lundberg, Dr. Stephen Hunt

How to use this excel:

This excel is a practical reference for individuals who perform nerve blocks and neurolytic procedures.

It is designed to help you do three things reliably:

  1. 1. Decide whether a block is reasonable for a given patient
  2. 2. Document it clearly and defensibly
  3. 3. Code it in a way that minimizes audit and denial risk

How the Excel Is Organized

Each block appears across multiple sheets. You are meant to move between them depending on what question you’re answering.

Recommended Way to Use It
Step Sheet to Check Question You’re Answering What It’s For
1BLOCK_MASTERWhat block am I dealing with?Block list and classification
2CLINICAL_INDICATIONSIs this indication defensible?When the block is appropriate
3ANATOMY_TECHNIQUEHow do I describe the target and technique?How to describe the procedure
4CPT_MECHANICSWhat CPT code actually applies?Coding logic
5COVERAGE_REALITYWhere do denials usually happen?Denial and bundling risk
6DOCUMENTATION_LIBRARYWhat should I say in my note?Copy-paste note language
7REFERENCES_INDEXWhat supports this if questioned?Evidence and policy sources
Block Index
Block IDBlock Name (Standard)
CPXCeliac plexus block / neurolysis
SHPSuperior hypogastric plexus block / neurolysis
GIPGanglion impar block / neurolysis
STGStellate ganglion block
ICNIntercostal nerve block
PPSPosterior popliteal sciatic nerve block
FEMFemoral nerve block
SCISciatic nerve block
HHLHepatic hilar nerve block
TAPTransversus abdominis plane block

Sheet-by-Sheet:

BLOCK_MASTER

This is the index

It tells you:

  • What the block is called
  • Whether it’s central vs peripheral
  • The anatomic region
  • The block family (plexus, ganglion, peripheral nerve, fascial plane)

Use this to orient yourself

CLINICAL INDICATIONS

This sheet answers: “When does this block make sense?”

Each row is one indication, with:

  • Clinical context (cancer, trauma, peri-procedural, chronic pain)
  • Strength of support (high, moderate, low)
  • Policy sensitivity (low vs high risk)

This is where you quickly see which uses are routine and which are likely to be questioned.

ANATOMY_TECHNIQUE

This sheet answers: “How do I describe what I actually did?”

It gives you:

  • Plain-English target descriptions
  • Billing-safe language
  • Whether laterality is required
  • Typical imaging guidance

Use this when dictating so your note clearly matches what the CPT code expects

CPT_MECHANICS

This is the coding logic sheet.

It explains:

  • The correct CPT code (s)
  • When add-on or continuous codes apply
  • Block vs neurolysis distinctions
  • When unlisted codes are appropriate
  • Whether imaging guidance is included or separate

If there is any uncertainty about coding, this sheet is meant for that

COVERAGE_REALITY

This sheet answers: “What usually gets denied, and why?”

It summarizes:

  • Coverage strength by indication
  • Common denial reasons
  • Bundling risk (low, moderate, high)
  • The most defensible (“green zone”) scenarios

This reflects real payer behavior, not theoretical coverage.

DOCUMENTATION_LIBRARY

This is the copy-paste sheet.

It contains:

  • Indication language
  • Imaging language
  • Target confirmation language
  • Block vs neurolysis intent statements
  • Unbundling or postoperative language when needed

Use this to standardize notes and avoid vague wording that triggers audits.

REFERENCES_INDEX

This is the source list.

All citations, guidelines, CPT Assistant references, CMS/NCCI documents, and payer policies live here.

Nerve Block Table

BLOCK_MASTER  ·  11 blocks
Block IDBlock NameAnatomic RegionCategoryCentral vs PeripheralFamily
CPBCeliac plexus block / neurolysisUpper abdomenCentral sympathetic / visceralCentral (autonomic)Plexus
SHPBSuperior hypogastric plexus block / neurolysisPelvisCentral sympathetic / visceralCentral (autonomic)Plexus
GIPGanglion impar block / neurolysisPelvis / perineumCentral sympathetic / visceralCentral (autonomic)Ganglion
STGStellate ganglion blockNeck / upper thoraxCentral sympathetic / visceralCentral (autonomic)Ganglion
ICNIntercostal nerve blockThoraxChest wallPeripheral (somatic)Peripheral nerve
PPSPosterior popliteal sciatic nerve blockLower extremityLower extremityPeripheral (somatic)Peripheral nerve
FEMFemoral nerve blockLower extremityLower extremityPeripheral (somatic)Peripheral nerve
SCISciatic nerve blockLower extremityLower extremityPeripheral (somatic)Peripheral nerve
HHLHepatic hilar nerve blockUpper abdomenUpper abdominal visceralAutonomic (visceral, regional)Plexus
TAPTransversus abdominis plane blockAbdominal wallAbdominal wallPeripheral (somatic / fascial plane)Fascial plane
GENGenicular nerve blockKneeLower extremityPeripheral (somatic)Peripheral nerve
CLINICAL_INDICATIONS  ·  56 records
Block IDIndicationClassEvidencePolicy Sensitivity
CPBPancreatic cancer–related severe upper abdominal visceral painMalignantHighNone
CPBOpioid-refractory upper abdominal visceral cancer painMalignantHighNone
CPBRefractory chronic pancreatitis painBenignModeratePayer-specific
SHPRefractory pelvic visceral cancer painMalignantHighNone
SHPPost–UFE pain reductionPeri-procedural IR painHighBundling-risk
SHPEndometriosis-associated chronic pelvic painBenignModeratePayer-specific
GIPMalignant pelvic/perineal painMalignantLow–ModerateLCD-dependent
GIPChronic perineal and coccygeal painBenignLowVariable
STGCRPS of upper extremityPainModerateLCD-dependent
STGVasomotor symptoms (menopausal hot flashes)OtherLowHigh-risk
ICNAcute rib fracture / blunt thoracic trauma painTraumaHighNone
ICNCancer-related chest wall painMalignantModeratePayer-specific
PPSEndovascular CLI procedural analgesiaIR peri-proceduralModerate–HighPayer-specific
PPSFoot/ankle surgery anesthesiaPerioperativeHighBundling-risk
FEMAcute hip fracture painTrauma / acute painHighModerate
FEMHip fracture surgery: intraoperative blockPerioperativeHighHigh
SCILower-limb surgery anesthesiaPerioperativeHighHigh-risk (perioperative billing)
SCIEndovascular CLI procedural analgesiaPeri-procedural IRModerateLCD/payer-dependent
HHLAdjunct analgesia for liver tumor ablation (MWA/RFA)Procedural analgesia adjunctProspective RCTModerate
HHLAdjunct analgesia for DEE-TACE for HCCProcedural analgesia adjunctProspective RCT n=92Moderate–High
TAPPostoperative abdominal wall analgesiaPerioperativeHighHigh-risk
TAPCancer-related abdominal wall pain (palliative)MalignantLowHigh-risk
ANATOMY_TECHNIQUE  ·  10 records
Block IDTarget / TechniqueLaterality RequiredImaging
CPBRetroperitoneal celiac plexus at root of celiac trunkNoCT
SHPPresacral/retroperitoneal at L5–S1 adjacent to superior hypogastric plexusNoCT; Fluoroscopy
GIPPresacral/retrorectal space at sacrococcygeal junctionNoFluoroscopy / CT
STGCervicothoracic sympathetic chain at C6 in prevertebral planeYesUltrasound
ICNInferior margin of rib in intercostal space adjacent to nerveYesUltrasound
PPSPopliteal fossa proximal to sciatic bifurcationYesUltrasound
FEMFemoral nerve in inguinal region adjacent to femoral vesselsYesUltrasound
SCISciatic nerve at popliteal level or proximal approachYesUltrasound
HHLHepatic hilum at hepatoduodenal ligament, anterior to portal veinNoCT fluoroscopy / MRI
TAPFascial plane between internal oblique and transversus abdominisYes (unilateral vs bilateral)Ultrasound
CPT_MECHANICS  ·  29 records
Block IDPrimary CPTCoding NotesBundling Risk
CPB64530Temporary block — imaging bundled in descriptorModerate
CPB64680Neurolysis — imaging bundled in descriptorModerate
CPB64999Unlisted — when no existing CPT fitsHigh
SHP64517Injection — imaging may be separately reportableModerate
SHP64681Neurolysis — imaging bundledModerate
GIP64999No specific CPT — unlisted required (AMA CPT Asst 2007)Moderate
STG64510Block — imaging may be separately reportableModerate
STG64999Neurolysis / denervation — unlisted requiredHigh
ICN64420First level blockModerate
ICN64421 (add-on)Each additional levelModerate
ICN64620NeurolysisModerate
PPS64445Single injection sciatic blockModerate
PPS64446Continuous catheterModerate
PPS64640Neurolysis / destructionModerate
FEM64447Single injection block — imaging bundled per NCCILow
FEM64448Continuous catheterModerate
SCI64445Single injectionModerate
SCI64446Continuous catheterModerate
SCI64640Neurolysis — high bundling riskHigh
TAP64486Unilateral single injection — imaging bundledLow
TAP64487Unilateral continuous — imaging bundledLow
TAP64488Bilateral single injection — imaging bundledLow
TAP64489Bilateral continuous — imaging bundledLow
HHL64999Unlisted — no specific CPT for hepatic hilum targetHigh
COVERAGE_REALITY  ·  32 records
Block IDUse CaseCoverage StrengthCommon Denial Reasons
CPBCancer pain (pancreatic cancer)StrongInsufficient medical necessity linkage
CPBChronic pancreatitisModeratePayer criteria not met; incomplete refractory documentation
SHPPelvic visceral cancer painOften strongInadequate documentation of visceral pelvic cancer pain phenotype
SHPChronic pelvic pain syndromesVariableMedical-necessity mismatch or payer criteria limitations
SHPPeri-procedural IR analgesia after UFEVariableBundling / non-separate payment
GIPCoccydyniaVariableDiagnosis not supported; unlisted documentation insufficient
GIPCancer-related pelvic/perineal painVariable–ModerateUnlisted code without adequate narrative
STGCRPS / sympathetically maintained painVariable-to-ModerateInsufficient medical necessity; NCCI PTP edits
STGPsychiatric / vasomotor symptomsWeak/UncertainOften investigational or not medically necessary
ICNAcute rib fracture painOften supportableMissing levels/laterality; utilization limits
ICNCancer chest wall painVariableDiagnosis mismatch; insufficient narrative
ICNChronic diffuse neuropathyWeak / often non-coveredNon-covered indication per LCD
PPSCRPS / peripheral nerve injuryLCD-dependentRepeat injections without documented response
FEMHip fracture acute painOften defensiblePerioperative/global billing conflicts
FEMPerioperative / intraoperative blockVariable / restrictedDenied if primary anesthetic
SCIPostoperative pain block (date of surgery)Conditional / High-riskDenied if primary anesthetic; global bundling
TAPPostoperative abdominal surgery painVariableGlobal surgery bundling; wrong unilateral/bilateral code
HHLHHNB before liver tumor ablationWeak for separate billingBundled as integral to primary procedure
DOCUMENTATION_LIBRARY  ·  61 records (showing 14)
Block IDSentence TypeCopy-Paste Language
CPBTarget confirmationNeedle tip(s) confirmed in the retroperitoneum adjacent to the celiac plexus at the root of the celiac trunk prior to injectate administration.
CPBIntent (block vs neurolysis)Intent: This procedure is documented as a celiac plexus block (temporary) versus celiac plexus neurolysis (neurolytic/ablative intent), with injectate type and intent explicitly stated.
SHPIndicationIndication: Refractory visceral pelvic pain due to [malignancy type/stage] despite optimized pharmacologic therapy; proceeding with superior hypogastric plexus [block/neurolysis].
SHPTarget confirmationNeedle tip confirmed at presacral/retroperitoneal L5–S1 level adjacent to superior hypogastric plexus, with contrast spread consistent with presacral distribution.
GIPIntent (neurolysis)If neurolysis: A longer-lasting blockade was intended using [neurolytic agent and/or thermal RF] at the ganglion impar; agent/energy and intent are explicitly documented.
STGIntent (block)This procedure was intended as a stellate ganglion block using local anesthetic for temporary cervicothoracic sympathetic blockade, without neurolytic agent or destructive lesioning.
STGImagingProcedure performed under real-time ultrasound guidance with identification of carotid/IJV and longus colli region; continuous needle visualization; representative images saved.
ICNTarget confirmationNeedle at inferior margin of rib in intercostal space; aspiration negative; injectate tracking in intercostal plane without pleural violation.
ICNBlock vs neurolysisThis procedure was performed as an intercostal nerve block (temporary injection of local anesthetic ± steroid). Injectate/agent and intent are explicitly stated.
PPSIndicationMedically necessary right/left posterior popliteal sciatic nerve block for [covered diagnosis] with documented baseline symptoms and planned reassessment of response.
SCIPostoperative pain contextPeripheral nerve block performed specifically for postoperative pain management at the surgeon's request and was not the primary anesthetic technique.
FEMUnbundling / anesthesia-globalPeripheral nerve block is documented as postoperative pain management and not as the primary anesthetic technique; anesthetic plan did not depend on the block.
HHLUnlisted-code narrativeInclude concise claim narrative: hepatic hilum target, portal vein–adjacent needle position, imaging modality, injectate, and clinical rationale; attach procedure report.
TAPIntent languageIf a neurolytic/destructive technique is used, document explicit neurolytic intent and agent/technique (e.g., alcohol/phenol); do not describe as a routine TAP block.
REFERENCES_INDEX  ·  157 records
Ref ID Label Evidence Type Organization Year
CPT64489CPT: 64489 DescriptorCPTNLM VSAC (CPT)2026
LCD_L35457LCD L35457: Nerve Blockade for Treatment of Chronic Pain and NeuropathyMedicare LCDCMSCurrent
R81Gedikoglu. Ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block for ischaemic rest pain during endovascular treatment of CLIClinical study(Journal via PMC)2020
CPTA2007_GIPAMA CPT Assistant (Sept 2007): Ganglion impar sympathetic block coding guidanceCPT AssistantAMA (via Find-A-Code)2007
ICN2Blunt Thoracic Trauma (BTT), Pain Management inPractice Management GuidelinesEAST2004
P17Mississippi Division of Medicaid Radiology Procedures Rule 1.5 (includes SGB)Payer policyMississippi Division of Medicaid2014
A57452Billing and Coding: Peripheral Nerve Blocks (NGS)Medicare articleCMS/NGS2019
R90SIR IR Quarterly: Reporting unlisted CPT codes (Coding Q&A)Coding guidanceSociety of Interventional Radiology2020
R87Bessar et al. Hepatic Hilar and Celiac Plexus Nerve Blocks as Analgesia for DEE-TACE: A Nonblinded RCTClinical trialScienceDirect / Journal site2021
R37Harden et al. CRPS Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines (5th ed.)GuidelinePain Medicine2022
R102He. Hepatic Hilar Nerve Block for Hepatic Interventions: Anatomy, Technique, and Initial Clinical ExperienceOriginal ResearchVascular and Interventional Radiology2021
R22Yoon. Superior Hypogastric Nerve Block as Post-UFE Analgesia: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical TrialAbstractJVIR2018
CPT64446CPT 64446 descriptorCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R41Li & Loshak. Stellate Ganglion Block for PTSD, Depression, and AnxietyHealth technology reviewCADTH2021
R17Liliang et al. Fluoroscopically-Guided Superior Hypogastric Plexus Neurolysis Using a Single NeedleTechnique reportPain Physician2018
R68CMS Claims Processing Manual Ch.23CMS ManualCMS
GIP10Oliveria. Ganglion impar block in chronic cancer-related pain — A reviewReviewRev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed)2024
R93Tsai et al. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and TechniquesReview / anatomyBiomed Res Int2017
R62Le. The use of interventional procedures for cancer pain. A brief reviewReviewSupport Care Cancer2024
CPT77002CPT 77002: Fluoroscopic guidance for needle placementCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
NCCI_COMPLETE_2025NCCI Policy Manual for Medicare Services (Complete)CMS policyCMS2025
CPT64530CPT 64530 descriptorCPTAMA (via NLM VSAC)2026
R57CMS LCD L33933 Peripheral Nerve Blocks (First Coast)Medicare LCDCMS / MAC First Coast2019
RTLT_R11937CPCMS MLN Matters R11937CP: Modifier RT and LT use and applicabilityCMS MLNCMSCurrent
CPT64999CPT 64999 descriptorCPTAMA (via NLM VSAC)2026
LCD36850LCD L36850: Peripheral Nerve Blocks (NGS)Medicare LCDCMS/NGS2019
R82Midia et al. The Utility of Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Interventional RadiologyReview / IRAJR2016
R12Rocha et al. Effectiveness of Superior Hypogastric Plexus Neurolysis for Pelvic Cancer PainSystematic reviewPain Physician2020
R51Byoung Ho. Paraplegia Following Intercostal Nerve Neurolysis with Alcohol and Thoracic Epidural InjectionCase reportThe Korean Journal of Pain2015
NCCI_CORR_2025Medicare NCCI Correspondence Language ManualCMS policyCMS2025
R30Cha et al. Transsacrococcygeal approach to ganglion impar block for chronic coccygodyniaCase ReportMedicine2016
P16Providence Health Plan Medicare Advantage policy MP362: Ganglion Impar BlocksMedicare Advantage payer policyProvidence Health PlanCurrent
R58CMS Article A57452 Billing & Coding Peripheral Nerve Blocks (NGS)Medicare ArticleCMS / MAC NGS
CPT64486CPT: 64486 DescriptorCPTNLM VSAC (CPT)2026
R15Michalek & Dutka. CT-guided anterior approach to the superior hypogastric plexusCase report/seriesClin J Pain2005
AMA_CPT_ERRATA_2025CPT 2025 Corrections/ErrataCPT guidanceAMA2025
R53UCSF Popliteal nerve block pageEducationalUCSF Pain Management Center
CPT64487CPT: 64487 DescriptorCPTNLM VSAC (CPT)2026
CPT64680CPT 64680 descriptorCPTAMA (via NLM VSAC)2026
R78Shevlin. The sciatic nerve blockReview / teachingBJA Education / Elsevier2020
R1777CPTransmittal R1777CP: Bilateral procedures and modifiers 50 vs RT/LTCMS transmittalCMS2019
NORIDIAN_ACTIVE_LCDNoridian: Active LCD listing (L35457) and associated article (A52725)MAC policy indexNoridianCurrent
ICN6CS Wong. Intercostal nerve blockade for cancer pain: effectiveness and selection of patientsClinical reportHong Kong Med J2007
R27Kim et al. Anatomy of the superior hypogastric plexus and its application in nerve-sparing lymphadenectomyReviewFolia Morphol2021
LCD35456CMS LCD framework language (example LCD record)Medicare LCDCMSCurrent
R43Lee. Stellate ganglion block as a treatment for vasomotor symptoms: Clinical applicationReviewCleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine2022
R59ACEP Ultrasound reimbursement FAQsCoding GuidanceACEP
R61Schroeder. Neurolytic nerve block for cancer painReviewJ Pain Symptom Manage1986
ICN3Muldiiarov. Role of intercostal nerve block and cryoneurolysis in rib fractures: a narrative reviewReviewCCTS2025
GIP12Kim. Factors associated with Successful Responses to Ganglion Impar Block: A Retrospective StudyObservationalInt J Med Sci2021
G2ASA Practice Guidelines for Chronic Pain ManagementMultidisciplinary consensus guidelineAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists2010
GIP13Ahmed. Superior hypogastric plexus combined with ganglion impar neurolytic blocks for pelvic/perineal cancer painCase SeriesPain Physician2015
R56Oguslu. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block for CLI: A Minimally Invasive MethodIR StudyJVIR2023
R32Ghai et al. Prospective study: ultrasound-guided ganglion impar block in patients with chronic perineal painProspective studySaudi Journal of Anaesthesia2019
R11de Leon-Casasola. Critical evaluation of chemical neurolysis of the sympathetic axis for cancer painReviewCancer Control2000
CPT64420CPT 64420: Intercostal nerve injection, single levelCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R54StatPearls Sciatic Nerve Block (2023 update)Educational ReviewStatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf2023
R13Wechsler et al. Superior hypogastric plexus block for chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis: CT techniquesPrimary studyRadiology1995
R50Gollapalli. Paraplegia after intercostal neurolysis with phenolCase reportJ Pain Res2014
R14Urits et al. Comprehensive Update of the Superior Hypogastric Block for Chronic Pelvic PainReviewCurr Pain Headache Rep2021
R28Toshniwal et al. Transsacrococcygeal approach to ganglion impar block: a prospective observational studyProspective observationalPain Physician2007
R42ASRA educational post: Stellate Ganglion BlockSociety educationalASRA2019
CPB3Practice Guidelines: endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysisReview Practice GuidelinesEUS practice guideline authors2017
NCCI_CH09_2025CMS NCCI Policy Manual—Chapter IX (Radiology) 2025CMS policy manualCMS2025
R70Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule for CY 2023 SummaryPolicy summaryACR2022
NCCI_CH09CMS NCCI Policy Manual—Chapter IX (radiology/record principles)CMS policy manualCMS2024
R18Ahmed et al. Superior Hypogastric Plexus Combined with Ganglion Impar Neurolytic BlocksCase seriesPain Physician2015
R35Mehrotra et al. Neuroanatomy, Stellate Ganglion (StatPearls)Educational reviewStatPearls Publishing / NCBI Bookshelf2023
R39Forouzanfar et al. Radiofrequency Lesions of the Stellate Ganglion in Chronic Pain SyndromesClinical studyClinical Journal of Pain2000
R94Jankovic. Anatomical study of the TAP block: lumbar triangle of Petit and adjacent nervesAnatomy studyAnesth Analg2009
MLN901346MLN901346: How to Use the Medicare NCCI ToolsCMS educationCMS2026
CPB1Cornman-Homonoff. Celiac Plexus Block and Neurolysis in the Management of Chronic Upper Abdominal PainIR reviewSeminars in Interventional Radiology2017
R95Hebbard et al. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blockTechnique / clinicalAnaesth Intensive Care2007
R98CMS MLN907166 Global Surgery Booklet (post-surgical pain management in global package)Medicare guidanceCMS2024
R101Hung et al. Neurolytic transversus abdominal plane block with alcohol for malignancy-related painCase series / reportPain Physician2014
MLN_MOD59_2025MLN: Proper Use of Modifiers 59/X{E,P,S,U}CMS MLNCMS2025
R84CMS MLN: How to Use Medicare NCCI ToolsMedicare guidanceCMS2025
R99Wadhwa et al. Regional anesthesia alternative to conscious sedation for IR proceduresReview / IRJVIR2017
CPT77012CPT 77012: CT guidance for needle placementCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
NCCI_PTP_EDITSMedicare NCCI PTP edits pageCMS policyCMS2026
R10Plancarte et al. Neurolytic superior hypogastric plexus block for chronic pelvic pain associated with cancerPrimary studyReg Anesth1997
NCCI_CH01_2025Medicare NCCI Policy Manual Chapter ICMS policyCMS2024
ICN7Chambers. Nerve blocks in palliative careReviewBr J Anaesth2008
CPT64640VSAC CPT 64640 Destruction other peripheral nerveCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
CPT64450CPT 64450 descriptorCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R85CGS Administrators: Cryoneurolysis billing/coding instructions (PDF)MAC guidanceCGS (Medicare MAC)2025
CPT64620CPT 64620: Destruction by neurolytic agent; intercostal nerveCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R66NICE Hip fracture CG124 recommendationsGuidelineNICE2011/2017
R92UnitedHealthcare: Sympathetic Blockade medical policyPayer policyUnitedHealthcare
R67NICE CG124 PDFGuidelineNICE2011/2017
CPT6447VSAC CPT 64447 Femoral nerve injectionCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R100Moeschler et al. US-guided TAP block vs trigger point injections for chronic abdominal wall pain: RCTRCTPAIN2021
CPT64445CPT 64445, descriptorCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R24Shama et al. Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block for Pain Management Post-Hysterectomy: Meta-AnalysisMeta AnalysisJ Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother2022
R86Georgiades et al. Hepatic Hilar Nerve Block for Adjunctive Analgesia in Thermal Ablation: RCTClinical trialRöFo / Thieme2025
R19Rasuli et al. Superior hypogastric nerve block after UFE (JVIR)Primary studyJVIR2004
CPT64488CPT: 64488 DescriptorCPTNLM VSAC (CPT)2026
R102b2013 Gebhardt: TAP Neurolysis with Phenol in Abdominal Wall Cancer PainCase ReportPain Physician2014
R29Datir. CT-guided injection for ganglion impar blockade: management of coccydyniaCT-guided case seriesClinical Radiology2010
R76Geizhals. Femoral nerve blocks versus standard pain control for hip fracturesClinical study / reviewClin Exp Emerg Med2023
R26Eid. Superior Hypogastric Plexus and Its Surgical Implications During Spine Surgery: A ReviewReviewWorld Neurosurg2018
CPB2Multidisciplinary consensus. Pancreatic cancer managementGuidelineMultidisciplinary consensus statement2020
GIP14Correia. The efficacy of the ganglion impar block in perineal and pelvic cancer painCohortSupport Care Cancer2019
LCA_A52725Billing/Coding Article A52725: Nerve Blockade for Treatment of Chronic Pain and NeuropathyMedicare articleCMSCurrent
R80Discalzi et al. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block: Is It Time for a Bigger Stage?EditorialJVIR2024
R36Narouze. Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block: safety and efficacyReviewCurrent Pain and Headache Reports2014
R52El-Boghdadly. ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus: upper and lower limb nerve blocks nomenclatureConsensus / GuidelineASRA/ESRA2024
R23Musa et al. Superior Hypogastric Nerve Blockade for UAE: A Systematic ReviewSystematic reviewJVIR2023
R88Noridian: Unlisted procedure and NOC codes (JFB)MAC guidanceNoridian (MAC)
R89Noridian: Unlisted Code Billing – JE Part AMAC guidanceNoridian (MAC)
R55Prasad. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Block Distal to Sciatic Nerve Bifurcation Shortens Onset TimeClinical studyRAPM2010
R21Pereira et al. Superior hypogastric nerve block (SHNB) for pain control after UFE: technique and troubleshootingPrimary studyCVIR Endovascular2020
R69CMS NCCI Policy Manual Ch.2 Anesthesia (2024)CMS NCCICMS2024
R60A Review of Nonsurgical Neurolytic Procedures for Neuropathic PainReviewJ Pain Res2025
R96Hebbard 2008 Anesth Analg: Subcostal TAP block under ultrasound guidanceTechniqueAnesth Analg2008
R38Gungor et al. Sympathetic blocks for the treatment of CRPS: A case seriesCase ReportMedicine (Baltimore)2018
R77Danisan. Ultrasound-Guided Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve Block for CLIIR study (abstract)JVIR? (ScienceDirect)2021
GIP11Ferreira. Ganglion Impar Neurolysis in Pelvic and Perineal Cancer-Related PainCase ReportCase Report oncology2020
CPT76942CPT 76942: Ultrasound guidance for needle placementCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R107Narouze. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures: anatomy, sonoanatomy, procedures — part IReviewRAPM2009
CPB5Teixeira et al. Celiac plexus neurolysis for upper abdominal cancer painReviewNeuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment2013
CPT64510CPT 64510 descriptor (VSAC)CPTNLM VSAC (AMA CPT)2026
MEDICAID_NCCI_CH01_2022Medicaid NCCI Coding Policy Manual Chapter 1CMS/Medicaid policyMedicaid.gov2022
P14Wellcare (Centene) policy WNC.CP.148 Nerve Blocks and NeurolysisCommercial payer policyWellcare of North Carolina (Centene)Current
LCD33933LCD L33933 Peripheral Nerve BlocksMedicare LCDCMS / Medicare Coverage DatabaseCurrent
R91BCBSIL: Unlisted/Not Otherwise Classified (NOC) Coding Policy (CPCP035; Oct 17, 2025)Payer policyBCBSIL2025
R49Matchett. Intercostal Nerve Block and Neurolysis for Intractable Cancer PainClinical reportJ Pain Palliat Care Pharmacotherapy2016
G1ASPN Best Practices: Interventional Management of Cancer-Associated PainGuidelineAmerican Society of Pain and Neuroscience2021
ICN1American College of Surgeons Best Practices Guidelines for Managing Chest Wall InjuriesGuidelinesACS2025
NCCI_CH11CMS NCCI Policy Manual—Chapter XI (radiologic guidance/unbundling principles)CMS policy manualCMS2024
R40Tian. Stellate Ganglion Block Therapy for CRPS: Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisReviewPain Physician2024
R33Gupta et al. Ultrasonographic-Assisted Ganglion Impar NeurolysisTechnique reportAnesthesia & Analgesia2009
R1816B3Transmittal R1816B3: Intercostal block injections w/ thoracotomy not separately billableCMS transmittalCMS2009
R79Cao et al. Ultrasound-guided technology versus neurostimulation for sciatic nerve block: meta-analysisSystematic review / meta-analysisInt J Clin Exp Med2015
CPT64517CPT 64517 descriptorCPTAMA (via NLM VSAC)2026
R16Mishra. Anterior Ultrasound-Guided Superior Hypogastric Plexus Neurolysis in Pelvic Cancer PainTechnique reportAnaesth Intensive Care2008
CPT64681CPT 64681 descriptorCPTAMA (via NLM VSAC)2026
R97AMA CPT Assistant Jul 2022: Nerve Block Reporting (64450, 64461, 64488, 64489, 64999)CPT AssistantAMA CPT Assistant2022
R64Bowness. International consensus on anatomical structures in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesiaConsensus / EducationalESRA2022
R20Binkert et al. SHN block to reduce pain after UFE (CVIR)Primary studyCardiovasc Intervent Radiol2015
P15Louisiana Healthcare Connections (Centene) policy LA.CP.MP.170 Nerve Blocks/NeurolysisCommercial payer policyCentene2025
G3ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of cancer pain in adult patientsGuidelineESMO2018
ICN4Bresgen. Acute pain management of rib fractures: a narrative reviewReviewElsevier2025
ICN5Intercostal Nerve Block (StatPearls)ReviewStatPearls/NLM2026
CPB6Kambadakone et al. CT-guided Celiac Plexus Neurolysis: Anatomy, Indications, TechniqueReviewRadiographics2011
R75De Pinto & Naidu 2015 Pain Physician phenol neurolysis caseCase reportPain Physician2015
R34Piraccini et al. Stellate Ganglion Blocks (StatPearls)Educational reviewStatPearls Publishing / NCBI Bookshelf2023
MCPM_C26Medicare Claims Processing Manual—Chapter 26 (unlisted/NOC narrative requirements)CMS manualCMSCurrent
CPT64448VSAC CPT 64448 Femoral nerve continuous catheterCPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R83ASRA 2023 CPT coding updates and common coding errors (PDF)Coding educationASRA2023
CPB4Nagels et al. Celiac Plexus Neurolysis for Abdominal Cancer PainSystematic reviewPain Medicine2013
R71NANANANA
R108Neal. ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: Executive summaryReviewASRA/RAPM2010
A57788Billing & Coding A57788 Peripheral Nerve BlocksCMS articleCMS / Medicare Coverage DatabaseCurrent
CPT64421CPT 64421: Intercostal nerve injection, each additional level (add-on)CPTAMA/NLM VSAC2026
R25Aytuluk et al. Laparoscopic Superior Hypogastric Blocks for Postoperative Pain in HysterectomiesTechnique reportJ Minim Invasive Gynecol2019
R65ACEP Sonoguide: Popliteal sciatic nerve blockEducationalACEP

Presentation

SIR 2026 Top 11 Nerve Blocks Every Interventional Radiologist Should Know Download PDF
Slide 1
1 / 18

Quick Cards

Overview Nerve Block Overview Download
Nerve Block Overview
CPB : Celiac Plexus Nerve Block Download
CPB: Celiac Plexus Nerve Block
SHPB : Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block Download
SHPB: Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block
GIP : Ganglion Impar Block Download
GIP: Ganglion Impar Block
STG : Stellate Ganglion Nerve Block Download
STG: Stellate Ganglion Nerve Block
ICN : Intercostal Nerve Block Download
ICN: Intercostal Nerve Block