| CPT64489 | CPT: 64489 Descriptor | CPT | NLM VSAC (CPT) | 2026 |
| LCD_L35457 | LCD L35457: Nerve Blockade for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Neuropathy | Medicare LCD | CMS | Current |
| R81 | Gedikoglu. Ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block for ischaemic rest pain during endovascular treatment of CLI | Clinical study | (Journal via PMC) | 2020 |
| CPTA2007_GIP | AMA CPT Assistant (Sept 2007): Ganglion impar sympathetic block coding guidance | CPT Assistant | AMA (via Find-A-Code) | 2007 |
| ICN2 | Blunt Thoracic Trauma (BTT), Pain Management in | Practice Management Guidelines | EAST | 2004 |
| P17 | Mississippi Division of Medicaid Radiology Procedures Rule 1.5 (includes SGB) | Payer policy | Mississippi Division of Medicaid | 2014 |
| A57452 | Billing and Coding: Peripheral Nerve Blocks (NGS) | Medicare article | CMS/NGS | 2019 |
| R90 | SIR IR Quarterly: Reporting unlisted CPT codes (Coding Q&A) | Coding guidance | Society of Interventional Radiology | 2020 |
| R87 | Bessar et al. Hepatic Hilar and Celiac Plexus Nerve Blocks as Analgesia for DEE-TACE: A Nonblinded RCT | Clinical trial | ScienceDirect / Journal site | 2021 |
| R37 | Harden et al. CRPS Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines (5th ed.) | Guideline | Pain Medicine | 2022 |
| R102 | He. Hepatic Hilar Nerve Block for Hepatic Interventions: Anatomy, Technique, and Initial Clinical Experience | Original Research | Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2021 |
| R22 | Yoon. Superior Hypogastric Nerve Block as Post-UFE Analgesia: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial | Abstract | JVIR | 2018 |
| CPT64446 | CPT 64446 descriptor | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R41 | Li & Loshak. Stellate Ganglion Block for PTSD, Depression, and Anxiety | Health technology review | CADTH | 2021 |
| R17 | Liliang et al. Fluoroscopically-Guided Superior Hypogastric Plexus Neurolysis Using a Single Needle | Technique report | Pain Physician | 2018 |
| R68 | CMS Claims Processing Manual Ch.23 | CMS Manual | CMS | — |
| GIP10 | Oliveria. Ganglion impar block in chronic cancer-related pain — A review | Review | Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) | 2024 |
| R93 | Tsai et al. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques | Review / anatomy | Biomed Res Int | 2017 |
| R62 | Le. The use of interventional procedures for cancer pain. A brief review | Review | Support Care Cancer | 2024 |
| CPT77002 | CPT 77002: Fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| NCCI_COMPLETE_2025 | NCCI Policy Manual for Medicare Services (Complete) | CMS policy | CMS | 2025 |
| CPT64530 | CPT 64530 descriptor | CPT | AMA (via NLM VSAC) | 2026 |
| R57 | CMS LCD L33933 Peripheral Nerve Blocks (First Coast) | Medicare LCD | CMS / MAC First Coast | 2019 |
| RTLT_R11937CP | CMS MLN Matters R11937CP: Modifier RT and LT use and applicability | CMS MLN | CMS | Current |
| CPT64999 | CPT 64999 descriptor | CPT | AMA (via NLM VSAC) | 2026 |
| LCD36850 | LCD L36850: Peripheral Nerve Blocks (NGS) | Medicare LCD | CMS/NGS | 2019 |
| R82 | Midia et al. The Utility of Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Interventional Radiology | Review / IR | AJR | 2016 |
| R12 | Rocha et al. Effectiveness of Superior Hypogastric Plexus Neurolysis for Pelvic Cancer Pain | Systematic review | Pain Physician | 2020 |
| R51 | Byoung Ho. Paraplegia Following Intercostal Nerve Neurolysis with Alcohol and Thoracic Epidural Injection | Case report | The Korean Journal of Pain | 2015 |
| NCCI_CORR_2025 | Medicare NCCI Correspondence Language Manual | CMS policy | CMS | 2025 |
| R30 | Cha et al. Transsacrococcygeal approach to ganglion impar block for chronic coccygodynia | Case Report | Medicine | 2016 |
| P16 | Providence Health Plan Medicare Advantage policy MP362: Ganglion Impar Blocks | Medicare Advantage payer policy | Providence Health Plan | Current |
| R58 | CMS Article A57452 Billing & Coding Peripheral Nerve Blocks (NGS) | Medicare Article | CMS / MAC NGS | — |
| CPT64486 | CPT: 64486 Descriptor | CPT | NLM VSAC (CPT) | 2026 |
| R15 | Michalek & Dutka. CT-guided anterior approach to the superior hypogastric plexus | Case report/series | Clin J Pain | 2005 |
| AMA_CPT_ERRATA_2025 | CPT 2025 Corrections/Errata | CPT guidance | AMA | 2025 |
| R53 | UCSF Popliteal nerve block page | Educational | UCSF Pain Management Center | — |
| CPT64487 | CPT: 64487 Descriptor | CPT | NLM VSAC (CPT) | 2026 |
| CPT64680 | CPT 64680 descriptor | CPT | AMA (via NLM VSAC) | 2026 |
| R78 | Shevlin. The sciatic nerve block | Review / teaching | BJA Education / Elsevier | 2020 |
| R1777CP | Transmittal R1777CP: Bilateral procedures and modifiers 50 vs RT/LT | CMS transmittal | CMS | 2019 |
| NORIDIAN_ACTIVE_LCD | Noridian: Active LCD listing (L35457) and associated article (A52725) | MAC policy index | Noridian | Current |
| ICN6 | CS Wong. Intercostal nerve blockade for cancer pain: effectiveness and selection of patients | Clinical report | Hong Kong Med J | 2007 |
| R27 | Kim et al. Anatomy of the superior hypogastric plexus and its application in nerve-sparing lymphadenectomy | Review | Folia Morphol | 2021 |
| LCD35456 | CMS LCD framework language (example LCD record) | Medicare LCD | CMS | Current |
| R43 | Lee. Stellate ganglion block as a treatment for vasomotor symptoms: Clinical application | Review | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine | 2022 |
| R59 | ACEP Ultrasound reimbursement FAQs | Coding Guidance | ACEP | — |
| R61 | Schroeder. Neurolytic nerve block for cancer pain | Review | J Pain Symptom Manage | 1986 |
| ICN3 | Muldiiarov. Role of intercostal nerve block and cryoneurolysis in rib fractures: a narrative review | Review | CCTS | 2025 |
| GIP12 | Kim. Factors associated with Successful Responses to Ganglion Impar Block: A Retrospective Study | Observational | Int J Med Sci | 2021 |
| G2 | ASA Practice Guidelines for Chronic Pain Management | Multidisciplinary consensus guideline | American Society of Anesthesiologists | 2010 |
| GIP13 | Ahmed. Superior hypogastric plexus combined with ganglion impar neurolytic blocks for pelvic/perineal cancer pain | Case Series | Pain Physician | 2015 |
| R56 | Oguslu. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block for CLI: A Minimally Invasive Method | IR Study | JVIR | 2023 |
| R32 | Ghai et al. Prospective study: ultrasound-guided ganglion impar block in patients with chronic perineal pain | Prospective study | Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia | 2019 |
| R11 | de Leon-Casasola. Critical evaluation of chemical neurolysis of the sympathetic axis for cancer pain | Review | Cancer Control | 2000 |
| CPT64420 | CPT 64420: Intercostal nerve injection, single level | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R54 | StatPearls Sciatic Nerve Block (2023 update) | Educational Review | StatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf | 2023 |
| R13 | Wechsler et al. Superior hypogastric plexus block for chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis: CT techniques | Primary study | Radiology | 1995 |
| R50 | Gollapalli. Paraplegia after intercostal neurolysis with phenol | Case report | J Pain Res | 2014 |
| R14 | Urits et al. Comprehensive Update of the Superior Hypogastric Block for Chronic Pelvic Pain | Review | Curr Pain Headache Rep | 2021 |
| R28 | Toshniwal et al. Transsacrococcygeal approach to ganglion impar block: a prospective observational study | Prospective observational | Pain Physician | 2007 |
| R42 | ASRA educational post: Stellate Ganglion Block | Society educational | ASRA | 2019 |
| CPB3 | Practice Guidelines: endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis | Review Practice Guidelines | EUS practice guideline authors | 2017 |
| NCCI_CH09_2025 | CMS NCCI Policy Manual—Chapter IX (Radiology) 2025 | CMS policy manual | CMS | 2025 |
| R70 | Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule for CY 2023 Summary | Policy summary | ACR | 2022 |
| NCCI_CH09 | CMS NCCI Policy Manual—Chapter IX (radiology/record principles) | CMS policy manual | CMS | 2024 |
| R18 | Ahmed et al. Superior Hypogastric Plexus Combined with Ganglion Impar Neurolytic Blocks | Case series | Pain Physician | 2015 |
| R35 | Mehrotra et al. Neuroanatomy, Stellate Ganglion (StatPearls) | Educational review | StatPearls Publishing / NCBI Bookshelf | 2023 |
| R39 | Forouzanfar et al. Radiofrequency Lesions of the Stellate Ganglion in Chronic Pain Syndromes | Clinical study | Clinical Journal of Pain | 2000 |
| R94 | Jankovic. Anatomical study of the TAP block: lumbar triangle of Petit and adjacent nerves | Anatomy study | Anesth Analg | 2009 |
| MLN901346 | MLN901346: How to Use the Medicare NCCI Tools | CMS education | CMS | 2026 |
| CPB1 | Cornman-Homonoff. Celiac Plexus Block and Neurolysis in the Management of Chronic Upper Abdominal Pain | IR review | Seminars in Interventional Radiology | 2017 |
| R95 | Hebbard et al. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block | Technique / clinical | Anaesth Intensive Care | 2007 |
| R98 | CMS MLN907166 Global Surgery Booklet (post-surgical pain management in global package) | Medicare guidance | CMS | 2024 |
| R101 | Hung et al. Neurolytic transversus abdominal plane block with alcohol for malignancy-related pain | Case series / report | Pain Physician | 2014 |
| MLN_MOD59_2025 | MLN: Proper Use of Modifiers 59/X{E,P,S,U} | CMS MLN | CMS | 2025 |
| R84 | CMS MLN: How to Use Medicare NCCI Tools | Medicare guidance | CMS | 2025 |
| R99 | Wadhwa et al. Regional anesthesia alternative to conscious sedation for IR procedures | Review / IR | JVIR | 2017 |
| CPT77012 | CPT 77012: CT guidance for needle placement | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| NCCI_PTP_EDITS | Medicare NCCI PTP edits page | CMS policy | CMS | 2026 |
| R10 | Plancarte et al. Neurolytic superior hypogastric plexus block for chronic pelvic pain associated with cancer | Primary study | Reg Anesth | 1997 |
| NCCI_CH01_2025 | Medicare NCCI Policy Manual Chapter I | CMS policy | CMS | 2024 |
| ICN7 | Chambers. Nerve blocks in palliative care | Review | Br J Anaesth | 2008 |
| CPT64640 | VSAC CPT 64640 Destruction other peripheral nerve | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| CPT64450 | CPT 64450 descriptor | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R85 | CGS Administrators: Cryoneurolysis billing/coding instructions (PDF) | MAC guidance | CGS (Medicare MAC) | 2025 |
| CPT64620 | CPT 64620: Destruction by neurolytic agent; intercostal nerve | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R66 | NICE Hip fracture CG124 recommendations | Guideline | NICE | 2011/2017 |
| R92 | UnitedHealthcare: Sympathetic Blockade medical policy | Payer policy | UnitedHealthcare | — |
| R67 | NICE CG124 PDF | Guideline | NICE | 2011/2017 |
| CPT6447 | VSAC CPT 64447 Femoral nerve injection | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R100 | Moeschler et al. US-guided TAP block vs trigger point injections for chronic abdominal wall pain: RCT | RCT | PAIN | 2021 |
| CPT64445 | CPT 64445, descriptor | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R24 | Shama et al. Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block for Pain Management Post-Hysterectomy: Meta-Analysis | Meta Analysis | J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother | 2022 |
| R86 | Georgiades et al. Hepatic Hilar Nerve Block for Adjunctive Analgesia in Thermal Ablation: RCT | Clinical trial | RöFo / Thieme | 2025 |
| R19 | Rasuli et al. Superior hypogastric nerve block after UFE (JVIR) | Primary study | JVIR | 2004 |
| CPT64488 | CPT: 64488 Descriptor | CPT | NLM VSAC (CPT) | 2026 |
| R102b | 2013 Gebhardt: TAP Neurolysis with Phenol in Abdominal Wall Cancer Pain | Case Report | Pain Physician | 2014 |
| R29 | Datir. CT-guided injection for ganglion impar blockade: management of coccydynia | CT-guided case series | Clinical Radiology | 2010 |
| R76 | Geizhals. Femoral nerve blocks versus standard pain control for hip fractures | Clinical study / review | Clin Exp Emerg Med | 2023 |
| R26 | Eid. Superior Hypogastric Plexus and Its Surgical Implications During Spine Surgery: A Review | Review | World Neurosurg | 2018 |
| CPB2 | Multidisciplinary consensus. Pancreatic cancer management | Guideline | Multidisciplinary consensus statement | 2020 |
| GIP14 | Correia. The efficacy of the ganglion impar block in perineal and pelvic cancer pain | Cohort | Support Care Cancer | 2019 |
| LCA_A52725 | Billing/Coding Article A52725: Nerve Blockade for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Neuropathy | Medicare article | CMS | Current |
| R80 | Discalzi et al. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block: Is It Time for a Bigger Stage? | Editorial | JVIR | 2024 |
| R36 | Narouze. Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block: safety and efficacy | Review | Current Pain and Headache Reports | 2014 |
| R52 | El-Boghdadly. ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus: upper and lower limb nerve blocks nomenclature | Consensus / Guideline | ASRA/ESRA | 2024 |
| R23 | Musa et al. Superior Hypogastric Nerve Blockade for UAE: A Systematic Review | Systematic review | JVIR | 2023 |
| R88 | Noridian: Unlisted procedure and NOC codes (JFB) | MAC guidance | Noridian (MAC) | — |
| R89 | Noridian: Unlisted Code Billing – JE Part A | MAC guidance | Noridian (MAC) | — |
| R55 | Prasad. Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Block Distal to Sciatic Nerve Bifurcation Shortens Onset Time | Clinical study | RAPM | 2010 |
| R21 | Pereira et al. Superior hypogastric nerve block (SHNB) for pain control after UFE: technique and troubleshooting | Primary study | CVIR Endovascular | 2020 |
| R69 | CMS NCCI Policy Manual Ch.2 Anesthesia (2024) | CMS NCCI | CMS | 2024 |
| R60 | A Review of Nonsurgical Neurolytic Procedures for Neuropathic Pain | Review | J Pain Res | 2025 |
| R96 | Hebbard 2008 Anesth Analg: Subcostal TAP block under ultrasound guidance | Technique | Anesth Analg | 2008 |
| R38 | Gungor et al. Sympathetic blocks for the treatment of CRPS: A case series | Case Report | Medicine (Baltimore) | 2018 |
| R77 | Danisan. Ultrasound-Guided Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve Block for CLI | IR study (abstract) | JVIR? (ScienceDirect) | 2021 |
| GIP11 | Ferreira. Ganglion Impar Neurolysis in Pelvic and Perineal Cancer-Related Pain | Case Report | Case Report oncology | 2020 |
| CPT76942 | CPT 76942: Ultrasound guidance for needle placement | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R107 | Narouze. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures: anatomy, sonoanatomy, procedures — part I | Review | RAPM | 2009 |
| CPB5 | Teixeira et al. Celiac plexus neurolysis for upper abdominal cancer pain | Review | Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment | 2013 |
| CPT64510 | CPT 64510 descriptor (VSAC) | CPT | NLM VSAC (AMA CPT) | 2026 |
| MEDICAID_NCCI_CH01_2022 | Medicaid NCCI Coding Policy Manual Chapter 1 | CMS/Medicaid policy | Medicaid.gov | 2022 |
| P14 | Wellcare (Centene) policy WNC.CP.148 Nerve Blocks and Neurolysis | Commercial payer policy | Wellcare of North Carolina (Centene) | Current |
| LCD33933 | LCD L33933 Peripheral Nerve Blocks | Medicare LCD | CMS / Medicare Coverage Database | Current |
| R91 | BCBSIL: Unlisted/Not Otherwise Classified (NOC) Coding Policy (CPCP035; Oct 17, 2025) | Payer policy | BCBSIL | 2025 |
| R49 | Matchett. Intercostal Nerve Block and Neurolysis for Intractable Cancer Pain | Clinical report | J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacotherapy | 2016 |
| G1 | ASPN Best Practices: Interventional Management of Cancer-Associated Pain | Guideline | American Society of Pain and Neuroscience | 2021 |
| ICN1 | American College of Surgeons Best Practices Guidelines for Managing Chest Wall Injuries | Guidelines | ACS | 2025 |
| NCCI_CH11 | CMS NCCI Policy Manual—Chapter XI (radiologic guidance/unbundling principles) | CMS policy manual | CMS | 2024 |
| R40 | Tian. Stellate Ganglion Block Therapy for CRPS: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Review | Pain Physician | 2024 |
| R33 | Gupta et al. Ultrasonographic-Assisted Ganglion Impar Neurolysis | Technique report | Anesthesia & Analgesia | 2009 |
| R1816B3 | Transmittal R1816B3: Intercostal block injections w/ thoracotomy not separately billable | CMS transmittal | CMS | 2009 |
| R79 | Cao et al. Ultrasound-guided technology versus neurostimulation for sciatic nerve block: meta-analysis | Systematic review / meta-analysis | Int J Clin Exp Med | 2015 |
| CPT64517 | CPT 64517 descriptor | CPT | AMA (via NLM VSAC) | 2026 |
| R16 | Mishra. Anterior Ultrasound-Guided Superior Hypogastric Plexus Neurolysis in Pelvic Cancer Pain | Technique report | Anaesth Intensive Care | 2008 |
| CPT64681 | CPT 64681 descriptor | CPT | AMA (via NLM VSAC) | 2026 |
| R97 | AMA CPT Assistant Jul 2022: Nerve Block Reporting (64450, 64461, 64488, 64489, 64999) | CPT Assistant | AMA CPT Assistant | 2022 |
| R64 | Bowness. International consensus on anatomical structures in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia | Consensus / Educational | ESRA | 2022 |
| R20 | Binkert et al. SHN block to reduce pain after UFE (CVIR) | Primary study | Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2015 |
| P15 | Louisiana Healthcare Connections (Centene) policy LA.CP.MP.170 Nerve Blocks/Neurolysis | Commercial payer policy | Centene | 2025 |
| G3 | ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of cancer pain in adult patients | Guideline | ESMO | 2018 |
| ICN4 | Bresgen. Acute pain management of rib fractures: a narrative review | Review | Elsevier | 2025 |
| ICN5 | Intercostal Nerve Block (StatPearls) | Review | StatPearls/NLM | 2026 |
| CPB6 | Kambadakone et al. CT-guided Celiac Plexus Neurolysis: Anatomy, Indications, Technique | Review | Radiographics | 2011 |
| R75 | De Pinto & Naidu 2015 Pain Physician phenol neurolysis case | Case report | Pain Physician | 2015 |
| R34 | Piraccini et al. Stellate Ganglion Blocks (StatPearls) | Educational review | StatPearls Publishing / NCBI Bookshelf | 2023 |
| MCPM_C26 | Medicare Claims Processing Manual—Chapter 26 (unlisted/NOC narrative requirements) | CMS manual | CMS | Current |
| CPT64448 | VSAC CPT 64448 Femoral nerve continuous catheter | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R83 | ASRA 2023 CPT coding updates and common coding errors (PDF) | Coding education | ASRA | 2023 |
| CPB4 | Nagels et al. Celiac Plexus Neurolysis for Abdominal Cancer Pain | Systematic review | Pain Medicine | 2013 |
| R71 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| R108 | Neal. ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: Executive summary | Review | ASRA/RAPM | 2010 |
| A57788 | Billing & Coding A57788 Peripheral Nerve Blocks | CMS article | CMS / Medicare Coverage Database | Current |
| CPT64421 | CPT 64421: Intercostal nerve injection, each additional level (add-on) | CPT | AMA/NLM VSAC | 2026 |
| R25 | Aytuluk et al. Laparoscopic Superior Hypogastric Blocks for Postoperative Pain in Hysterectomies | Technique report | J Minim Invasive Gynecol | 2019 |
| R65 | ACEP Sonoguide: Popliteal sciatic nerve block | Educational | ACEP | — |